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 Flame Retardants

Definition

Flame retardants are chemicals used to prevent, slow down, or suppress the spread of fire in various household products and materials. They work by either inhibiting the combustion process or delaying the ignition of the material. Flame retardants can present as vapors, particles, or residues depending on factors such as the type of flame retardant used, the materials it is applied to, the conditions of exposure (such as temperature and duration), and the specific application or product involved. They are especially concerning because they do not break down in the environment, they can also build up in our bodies leading to several health effects, and they are potentially toxic. ¹

Sources of Flame Retardants

Flame retardants can be found in furniture, textiles, children’s products, electronics, building materials as well as in various plastic products.¹

Furniture: Upholstered furniture such as sofas, chairs, and mattresses often contain flame retardant chemicals in the foam and fabric which met old flammability standards that have since been reversed.

Electronics: Computers, TVs, printers and other electronic devices can have flame retardants in their plastic casings or circuit boards.

Building Materials: Construction materials like insulation, paints and coatings, as well as  carpets and draperies can contain flame retardants. 

Children’s Products: Car seats, strollers, nursing pillows, changing pads and toys can contain flame retardants to comply with safety regulations. Here is a Parent and Family Guide to Flame Retardants in Baby Products.

Plastics: Various plastic products, from toys to household items can be treated with flame retardants.

Chemical Emitted

Common types of flame retardants include brominated flame retardants (BFRs), chlorinated flame retardants (CFRs), phosphorus-based flame retardants, formaldehyde and many more including some that are still being developed.

Health Impacts

It’s important to note that the health impacts of flame retardants can vary widely depending on factors such as the products and its chemical structure, exposure route (i.e., inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact) and the specific population being exposed (i.e., children, pregnant people, occupational groups). Some general health impacts include endocrine disruption, neurological and cognitive impairments, respiratory effects, reproductive and developmental effects and increased cancer risk. ¹

Steps for Prevention and Remediation ¹

According to the Green Science Policy Institute….

  • Vacuum with a HEPA filter, wet mop, and dust with a damp cloth.
  • Wash hands often, especially before eating or preparing food.
  • When buying upholstered furniture, look for a TB 117-2013 label stating the item does not contain flame retardants.
  • Replace upholstered furniture with a TB 117 label as soon as possible
  • Opt for furniture and children’s products filled with polyester or wool instead of foam
Additional Resources

Reducing Your Child’s Exposure to Flame Retardant Chemicals: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2016-05/documents/flame_retardant_fact_sheet_3-22-16.pdf

Green Science Policy Institute Consumer Resources: https://greensciencepolicy.org/resources/consumer-resources/

Resource List

1. Green Science Policy Institute. Flame Retardant. Available at:  https://greensciencepolicy.org/harmful-chemicals/flame-retardants/. Accessed July 12, 2024.

Combustion

Combustion, the process of burning fuels for energy, is used in two-thirds of US households for heating, cooking, and drying, emitting pollutants like carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide, which can cause both immediate irritation and long-term health issues such as lung disease and cancer.


Biological Pollutants

Biological pollutants, including mold, pests, and animal dander, originate from sources like people, pets, and plants, and can cause allergic reactions, respiratory issues, and infectious illnesses in the home.


Volatile Organic Compounds

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), emitted from household items like cleaners, paints, and furnishings, are often found in higher concentrations indoors and can cause immediate health issues like irritation and headaches, as well as long-term damage to the kidney, liver, and central nervous system.


Lead

Lead is a toxic heavy metal found in household paint, dust, soil, and water, particularly in homes built before 1978. Exposure can cause acute effects like seizures and anemia, and chronic effects such as cognitive impairments, reproductive complications and irreversible nervous system damage, especially in children.


Radon

Radon is a naturally occurring gas that can enter homes through cracks in walls and foundations, leading to dangerous indoor levels. It is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S. and the leading cause among non-smokers, necessitating testing and remediation in high-risk areas.


Asbestos

Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral fiber used for its strength and heat resistance in building materials and products. When disturbed, asbestos fibers can be released into the air, leading to serious lung diseases such as lung cancer, mesothelioma, and asbestosis.


Pesticides

Pesticides are toxic chemicals used in various forms like sprays and powders, and are found in 75% of U.S. households. These chemicals, including insecticides and rodenticides, can pose health risks, so it is crucial to assess specific products and their associated hazards.


Current Page: Flame Retardants

Flame retardants are chemicals used to slow or prevent the spread of fire in various household products. These substances, which can persist in the environment and accumulate in the body, may cause health issues such as endocrine disruption, cognitive impairments, respiratory problems, and increased cancer risk.


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